Infrastructure projects china africa 2020. Aug 11, 2021 · But in 2020, China's GDP of $15.

Infrastructure projects china africa 2020 67 billion to $257. The popular understanding in the US of China’s role on the continent has been that the People’s Republic, via the Belt and Road Initiative, has offered African countries a raw deal: shoddy infrastructure projects in exchange for loans they know their partners cannot repay. com, The Diplomat GLOBAL CHINA UNDERSTANDING CHINA'S BELT AND ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS IN AFRICA DOMAINS OF STRATEGIC COMPETITION 3 An additional concern is the large number of Chinese Feb 9, 2022 · China's development banks provided $23 billion in financing for infrastructure projects in sub-Saharan Africa from 2007 to 2020, more than double the amount lent by such banks in the United States Nov 6, 2024 · A report by McKinsey (2020) showed that less than 10% of African infrastructure projects reach financial close and 80% of projects fail at the feasibility and business plan stage. 1 According to the International Energy Agency (IEA, 2016, p. Although the continent’s enormous infrastructural investment Oct 19, 2024 · In 2018, China overtook the US as Africa’s most influential economic partner and largest foreign direct investor (Farooq et al. Simon Leung, Partner in Hong Kong, comments: “There has been a slowdown in the number of infrastructure deals from China. Mar 17, 2016 · Infrastructure development is a key pillar of the China-Africa relationship. Bilateral trade between China and Africa Since the start of 2020, existing infrastructure projects were delayed or cancelled due to supply-chain disruptions, travel and shipping restrictions, and other obstacles. Oct 23, 2023 · African infrastructure and economic growth may be unified and expedited as a result of China’s participation in infrastructure projects on the continent, and the Belt and Road Initiative’s goal of enhancing connectivity among member nations resonates directly with Africa’s own ambitions for the next 50 years. May 18, 2022 · In 2020, nearly one-third of infrastructure projects in Africa worth at least $50 million were built by Chinese companies. Jul 9, 2022 · Policymakers, pundits, and scholars often assert that China’s state-led global infrastructure drive is an important avenue for enhancing its international influence. Boosting private investment in infrastructure has become Mar 1, 2020 · The Chinese government's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013 instigated an infrastructure construction program in Asia, Europe and Africa (Nordin & Weissmann, 2018). majority of China’s projects in Africa are in the infrastructure sector, it is also beneficial to Chinese companies that are dealing with overcapacity in key sectors such as steel, iron and cement. It has also completed most Chinese-aided health infrastructure projects across Africa. The economic superpower has significantly enhanced its linkages with African countries across multiple dimensions – in trade and investment, infrastructure financ- ing and foreign aid. 5bn in 2020, reflecting the decision by the Chinese authorities to reduce their investments in Africa because of concerns on Africa’s regional relationships understanding Africa’s attraction and China’s long term investment in Africa in line with the BRI China’s power and influence on African elite training to evaluating Africa’s agency and how the African continent is affirming itself and responding to China’s Initiative. Roads, railways, power generation plants – most of the ongoing infrastructure projects in Africa have been receiving Chinese capital. Sep 1, 2021 · Within the transport industry in 2009, railway was the first sector by value of the projects financed by China in Africa, and the second one, preceded only by the energy sector, when all infrastructural projects are considered, (Foster et al. Feb 2, 2023 · Rather than investing in infrastructure, where China holds an economic advantage (China won more than eight times as many World Bank-funded infrastructure contracts as the United States in 2020 Feb 27, 2024 · Powering transportation infrastructure is massive green energy projects. In 2020 just $1. After a surge in 2019, ICA members’ commitments in 2020 stabilized at 22% of total commitments, slightly higher than their 20% share in 2018. Decreased demand or required rene-gotiations also prevented or delayed many projects already in pipelines from achieving financial closure. Based on the cost of construction, below are 10 of the mega infrastructure projects in Africa funded by China. If the Fund’s concerns are valid, then China may again face similar issues for other projects. Beijing has translated China’s growing economic footprint in Africa into geopolitical influence. China will support 30 infrastructure projects across the continent, with 360 billion yuan ($50. 6 trillion was about 75 percent of the US', while Africa's combined GDP increased from about $587 billion in 2000 to an estimated $3 trillion. Jan 20, 2022 · infrastructure accounting for 13% of all projects into Africa, and 44% of capital invested. 5 percent of GDP. China’s growing presence in Africa has been the subject of significant criticism. An assessment of China’s role in developing infrastructure and providing aid to development projects. This column shows that by lowering trade costs, Chinese infrastructure loans are linked to increased participation in global value chains, particularly in downstream sectors. China invested a whopping US$23 billion in infrastructure projects in Oct 26, 2024 · The recent engagements between China and Africa, as well as China’s expanding presence on the global market have provoked polarising debates on the nature of China’s complicity with African states. , Manji, Q. Abstract. , Nyairo, R. 4 percent year-on-year, said the China-Africa Economic and Trade Relationship Annual Report (2021) released on Sept 25. in three. 16 Moreover, despite China’s projects being executed in consultation with the local governments,17 the bidding processes Sep 26, 2021 · CHANGSHA — The contract value of newly-signed China infrastructure construction projects in Africa came in at $67. By one estimate, they accounted for 31 percent of all construction projects in Africa with a value of $50m or more in 2020. The literal empowerment of the new electronic vehicles, including ships and ground service vehicles used at airports, is one benefit of the two major African energy projects of 2024. Sep 19, 2023 · By Victoria Yvonne Bien-Aimé, Lucas Engel and Oyintarelado Moses A combination of economic shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic and the policy shift to a greener high-quality Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has translated into a substantial decline in large-scale Chinese loan finance to Africa in recent years. 1. In Africa, infrastructure projects awarded to Chinese companies are financed by their government through loans and grants. African countries faced with a desperate need Feb 24, 2021 · The authors describe this phenomenon as “Africa’s infrastructure paradox,” where, in the midst of high demand for projects, sufficient supply of capital and investors, and voluminous China’s role on African Regional Economic Communities (REC). 15 (Brautigam, 2011; Brautigam, 2020/39). As one of the largest bilateral aid donors, and arguably the most controversial one, China emphasizes large-scale infrastructure in its official assistance, demonstrating notable efficiency in project design and completion. The shift is Jun 30, 2021 · The Mambila Hydroelectric Power Project, which has been planned for more than three decades, is one of Africa's largest construction projects. Mar 22, 2019 · Investment in infrastructure and capital projects (I&CP) can be essential to diversify economies and promote private sector activity and industrialisation, ensuring enough jobs are created for the 12 million young people entering Africa’s labour force each year. Since then China has carefully set out and implemented three-year Africa engagement plans. Feb 2, 2023 · Rather than investing in infrastructure, where China holds an economic advantage (China won more than eight times as many World Bank-funded infrastructure contracts as the United States in 2020 Mar 1, 2020 · The Chinese government's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013 instigated an infrastructure construction program in Asia, Europe and Africa (Nordin & Weissmann, 2018). 6. This is an aspect of the Tanzanian Mini Tiger Plan 2020, which was an aspiration for the country to become the logistics center in East Africa. lists selected Chinese-financed and -led telecoms infrastructure projects in Africa from 2010 –2020. The South-North Water Transfer/Diversion Project is an over US$ 79bn multi-decade infrastructure mega-project in China. Jan 1, 2020 · Request PDF | On Jan 1, 2020, Richard Bluhm and others published Connective Financing - Chinese Infrastructure Projects and the Diffusion of Economic Activity in Developing Countries | Find, read Apr 2, 2024 · Africa-China trade engagement is significant but has largely moved from relatively balanced trade to trade deficits for African countries, as seen in Chart 2. . 1 percent of GDP each year in infrastructure if it is to meet its Sustainable Development Goals. Little evidence suggests that there will be major changes in China’s development financing strategies. 7 m) financed with a concessional loan from CHEXIM. Sources; BBC, fin24. Mar 22, 2019 · China launched a ‘new’ Africa policy at the turn of the century, culminating in the establishment in October 2000 of the multilateral Forum on China-Africa Co-operation (FOCAC). 15 Drawing on primary and secondary data, the article finds that the implementation of the BRI infrastructure projects (the LAPSSET corridor and the SGR) has pushed Uganda and Dec 1, 2023 · In April 2019, Kenya and China signed project delivery commitments for two major infrastructure projects in and near its capital city of Nairobi. It was also an important source of employment for Chinese citizens working on new infrastructure projects. [ 8 ] Feb 24, 2022 · Chinese construction firms have captured a lot of the market in many developing countries and perhaps especially in African countries. 7bn in 2019 and $6. However, the first decade of the Belt and Road Initiative has demonstrated that links between infrastructure projects and influence are more complex than existing popular and academic accounts suggest. The effects of these loans should be assessed in conjunction with the major sources of sovereign financing in Africa, such as multilateral lenders and bondholders, which respectively account for 33% and 30% of Africa’s external debt. 8 billion, will be linked to three dams across the Donga River in Taraba State, Nigeria. Infrastructure is at the heart of China's presence in global development and is also central to larger debates about Chinese influence. Jan 18, 2023 · The strategy was a statement of China’s growing economic might and created a new wave of Chinese engagement in Africa. Oct 1, 2022 · African countries’ engagement in Chinese-sponsored mega-infrastructure projects that would otherwise have been unaffordable or against commercial rationale has led to concerns over African debt sustainability (Onjala, 2018, Carmody et al. The World Bank estimates that the Sub-Saharan Africa region needs to invest approximately 7. 4 Financed by China Export and Import Bank (EximBank) through a combination Oct 1, 2020 · One peculiarity of Africa’s renewable-energy sector is the rapid increase and likely future growth of Chinese involvement in large-scale renewable-energy infrastructure projects. Sep 15, 2024 · China is revising its belt and road playbook in Africa, as it moves its investment focus to agriculture, manufacturing, industrialisation and green energy, including critical metals. paper looks in detail at financially closed (construction-ready) transactions Sep 5, 2024 · President Xi Jinping pledged on Thursday to step up China's support across debt-laden Africa with funding of nearly $51 billion over three years, backing for more infrastructure projects, and the Mar 1, 2020 · For instance, considering China's commitment to its BRI and its expanding investment in Africa's infrastructure development (Han & Webber, 2020), it is not surprising to see Beijing linked to the Aug 11, 2021 · But in 2020, China's GDP of $15. An imperialist model of governance? Or is China redefining the way we assess international relations? Kaitlin Rebekah Common Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Sep 18, 2024 · China announced its support for the development of a China-Africa digital technology cooperation centre, alongside plans to facilitate Chinese businesses in undertaking 20 digital infrastructure projects across Africa. This Element provides a comprehensive account of major Chinese government-financed infrastructure projects in the Global South since 1949. Infrastructure has always Sep 6, 2024 · The 'resource-for-infrastructure' swap, sometimes referred to as the "Angola model" in China-Africa scholarship (Jureńczyk, 2020), is an example of such creativity. prepared under contract no. Figure 6: Drop off in feasibility of African infrastructure projects Note: Retrieved from Lakmeeharan, K. Mar 6, 2020 · Together with African governments, many of them are already exploring—or have committed to—major new infrastructure projects over the next decade. Dec 10, 2024 · China–Africa business relationships evolved from the early independence period of a few (but sometimes large) Chinese infrastructure projects based on loans and grants from the Chinese government and implemented by state companies (e. This is the third light rail project financed by China Eximbank in Africa, following a US$ 475 million loan with Ethiopia in 2011 for the Addis-Ababa light rail project, and a US$ 500 million loan with Nigeria in 2012 for the Abuja light rail project. To date China has participated in over 200 African infrastructure projects. Road Initiative (BRI), with its transregional infrastructure projects connecting Eurasia and Africa, is the hallmark venture in this effort. . In 2020, perhaps 15 Key findings from the 2019-2020 report include: African Governments continued to provide the largest share of commitments. 2020), and this has made China Africa’s biggest bilateral lender ( Preuss 2021 ; Subacchi 2021 ). China can play a pivotal role in supporting Africa’s transition to a low-carbon economy by investing in environmentally sustainable infrastructure projects Jun 27, 2022 · (Olander 2020; Sun 2020; Wheatley et al. 5 trillion worth of projects estimated to be completed by 2025, across all asset classes. org. This model involves Chinese banks offering low-interest loans to resource-rich African countries, in exchange for mineral exploitation rights. Dec 13, 2021 · Over the past two decades, the China–Africa relationship has received increased attention within the study of international relations (IR). These investments entail loans, FDI, grants, resource for infrastructure (R4I) among others, with loans constituting a major part ( Pigato & Tang, 2015 ; Brautigam At the aggregate level, this was more than offset by a marked decrease in commitments from other public sources including a sharp reduction in commitments from China from a 2018 level of $25. The project is a ‘miniature’ of many of China’s infrastructure investments in Africa. Here, AFP takes a look at five key BRI projects in Africa: Kenya’s Incomplete Railway Mar 16, 2022 · Much of the infrastructure transforming the African continent is Chinese-funded. Feb 24, 2022 · One reason as to why may well be finance—as Nancy Lee and Mauricio Cardenas Gonzalez point out, China is providing a lot more cash for public-private infrastructure partnerships than Western development finance institutions (DFIs), to say nothing of the country’s considerable lending towards public infrastructure. 7), projects in which a Chinese firm is the main contractor alone account for 30% of Despite the controversy around China‘s engagements in Africa, China views herself as a development partner to Africa where she provides both the financing facility and infrastructure development expertise. China’s Belt and Road Infrastructure in Africa and Covid-19. Jul 13, 2023 · In terms of infrastructure, China has constructed the Africa CDC headquarters, which was started ahead of time in December 2020. 14 Francis Ikome meanwhile focuses on the role of the African Union in the emerging China-Africa partnership. Even upper-middle-income and high-income countries can rarely pay for an infrastructure project directly from an annual budget and often face high debt-to-GDP ratios, which make lending for such projects unaffordable and unwise. Chinese road, railway, port and energy projects, implemented under the BRI banner, have become widespread in Africa. [11] A McKinsey & Company report estimates that more than 10,000 Chinese-owned firms operate in Africa, with about 90 percent privately owned. The project’s objective is to divert approximately 44. In November 2003 the first tri-annual Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) summit was held in Beijing. 67 billion. South-North Water Transfer Project, China. gs-10f-0033m / 7200aa18m00016, tasking n034 2020 African national governments China ICA members Private sector Other bilateral/multilateral Arab Coordination Group Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (2021) • China accounted for an average of 18% of total infrastructure finance in Africa from 2012-2020 •Dominance in transport and energy sectors •Driven by domestic economic cycles May 20, 2022 · The average infrastructure project in the Belt and Road Initiative Since a peak in 2016 China has reduced lending to Africa. These initiatives reflect China’s broader goal of positioning itself as a leader in Africa’s digital economy. From massive infrastructure projects to significant investments in various sectors, China's presence in Africa is a complex interplay of economic, political, and cultural factors. , 2009). This article traces Aug 26, 2024 · Kiran (2021) reports that as of 2020, 45% of total government debts owed in Africa are obligations to China through the influx of China's infrastructure investment on the continent. Jul 26, 2023 · From 2020–2022, the South African Institute for International Affairs undertook a comparative research project looking at the implementation of ESG standards in Chinese projects in Africa and Southeast Asia. Our . As of 2019, China was the single-largest source of finance for African . 7bn to $6. Aug 3, 2023 · The following are the top ongoing mega projects in China. 5 billion (USD 172. ” 1. 3 majority of China’s projects in Africa are in the infrastructure sector, it is also beneficial to Chinese companies that are dealing with overcapacity in key sectors such as steel, iron and cement. The agreement identified Huawei as the contractor for “Konza data centre and smart city project”, for a total of KSh17. From 2016 to 2020, total investment in infrastructure projects in Africa reached almost $200 billion. However, investment is currently running at around 3. 5 billion in 2020—due to concerns over debt sustainability, stricter lending practices, and a shift in BRI financial governance toward more balanced partnerships between China and African nations, the author emphasizes that Sep 6, 2024 · The 'resource-for-infrastructure' swap, sometimes referred to as the "Angola model" in China-Africa scholarship (Jureńczyk, 2020), is an example of such creativity. The short- and long-run consequences of China’s infrastructure financing activities – including those along the US$1 trillion Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – are the subject of considerable debate in the media and within policy circles. China has created new financial institutions and promised to invest USD 1 trillion in foreign infrastructure projects (Aoyama, 2016), and BRI is now taking shape at the project Nov 1, 2024 · by Hank Cohen. From 2000-2022, Africa-China import and export values of goods increased from $11. As of 2018, China was the source of 25 percent of China in Africa. African infrastructures have long been recognized to suffer from a huge financing gap, that Feb 10, 2022 · From 2007 to 2020, China's development banks lent $23 billion for infrastructure projects in sub-Saharan Africa, more than double the funding provided by such development finance institutions in Despite these criticisms, China has completed several important infrastructure projects in Africa, which have had a positive impact on the host countries. McKinsey analysis indicates that Africa’s current pipeline of infrastructure projects includes $2. W ang and Xu. za/tag/china Jun 28, 2023 · infrastructure projects and 73% of soft infrastructure projects in Africa during 2000–2017. The importance of Chinese lending and trade to Africa was reflected in the size of the African delegation at this year’s FOCAC—51 heads of state. , the TanZam railway line) (Chen & Orr, Citation 2009; Shelton, Citation 2001). Many stress the critical role of the private sector in filling yawning sub-Saharan . China’s willingness, over the previous decade, to directly finance large-scale infrastructure projects in Africa is unmatched by any other bilateral partner. infrastructure, having “finance[d] one in five projects and construct[ed] one . , 2021) and accusations of debt-trap diplomacy (Chellaney, 2017, Green, 2019). 8 billion cubic meters of fresh water annually from four rivers in Oct 17, 2024 · Project overview. equipment and implemented the projects withhost African government. The table below s. 9bn in loans went to African governments, the Lending by Chinese banks into energy and infrastructure projects in Sub-Saharan Africa saw a small uplift in 2020, although deal values are well below their 2017 peak. Dec 2, 2023 · Between 2007 and 2020, $23 billion was invested in infrastructure projects in Africa by China’s two central overseas development banks. g. May 21, 2020 · The report analyzes how China’s construction projects are a trojan horse for spying on African governments, based on China’s long-standing pattern of using its foreign infrastructure projects Oct 6, 2024 · Despite the sharp decline in Chinese infrastructure financing for Africa—from a peak of $25. 4 Research outputs from this project can be found at SAIIA, “China Infrastructure Cooperation”, https://saiia. 16 Moreover, despite China’s projects being executed in consultation with the local governments,17 the bidding processes the people's republic of china soft power engagement, ict engagement, and infrastructure projects in africa: influence on democratic norms and values may 2022 . China is now the largest funder of infrastructure projects in Africa, financially backing around a fifth of all projects and constructing a third of them. Nancy Lee and Mauricio Cardenas Gonzalez. While the West might frame it as ‘debt-trap diplomacy’, a great deal are projects with World Bank guarantees – and the rollout unlikely slow down, given Africa’s profound need for roads, rails and ports. Egypt was the only country to borrow from China for a large rail project in 2019. 9 billion in 2020, up 21. This paper aimed to assess the role of China in Africa’s infrastructure development and the impact these projects have on the African continent, in order to determine their worth for informed decisions to the governments involved. Capital. China’s financing to Africa is development-oriented, primarily focusing on infrastructure projects such as Sep 1, 2024 · However, critics have criticized China’s investment in the continent, accusing the BRI of saddling countries with exorbitant debt or funding projects that damage the environment. In fact, there have been three main strands of thought characterising China’s presence in Africa; China is viewed as an economic competitor, a crucial development partner, and as a coloniser Dec 5, 2024 · The rapid expansion and distinct approach of China's aid has fueled growing research interest. (2020). Nov 26, 2021 · It encourages and supports Chinese enterprises to adopt various models to participate in the construction, investment, operation and management of infrastructure projects in Africa. 2021, while most of China's projects in Africa will be devoted to infrastructure, which will also benef it Chinese companies tackling overcapacity in key industries such as steel, steel and cement The empirical part of the study presented both the conventional and a novel method to investigate the role of completed infrastructure projects, co-financed and jointly built by China and African countries, focusing on whether and to what extent they have addressed infrastructure bottlenecks. Thus, the World Bank, African Development Bank, United States International Development Finance Corporation, and European Development Banks (United Nations 2021 ) have a combined total of $8 billion less than Sep 12, 2024 · While FOCAC showcased ambitious plans for mutual economic growth, a more intricate dynamic lies beneath, reminiscent of an octopus’ embrace – tightening, entangling, and often constricting. The first is Africa’s most controversial dam, the Grand Ethiopia Renaissance Dam. China’s financing is opaque and often comes with onerous terms, however, leading to rising concerns of economic exploitation, dependency, and po-litical coercion. Jan 8, 2023 · This is one of the reasons why China is using its connectivity projects (20% of all its projects in Africa including rail and road lines), to link its industrial (10% of all its projects including minerals processing) and energy projects (15% of all its projects including oil and renewables) in the hinterland of Africa to the infrastructure Dec 29, 2023 · Courtesy of CNBCChina's foray into Africa has marked a new chapter in global geopolitics in recent years, significantly altering the continent's socio-economic landscape. Oct 1, 2020 · China's Belt and Road economic, infrastructure projects are among the leading foreign debt capital flows and project implementation support to most African countries (Basu & Janiec, 2020; Irandu May 1, 2021 · In this paper we focus on investments made by enterprises from the People’s Republic of China (henceforth ‘China’) because it is the country which accounts for the single largest investment portfolio in ssub-Saharan Africa’s power sector. & Pöltner, H. The Mambila Hydroelectric Power Project, which China's Sinohydro Corp is undertaking at a cost of US$5. The project, which includes phase one of the BSEZ, proposed in 2013 when CMHI and the Oman State General Reserve Fund signed a deal on the project. Feb 19, 2022 · The dragon’s share will be built by Chinese firms, which in 2020 were responsible for 31% of all infrastructure projects in Africa with a value of $50m or more, according to Deloitte, a Dec 19, 2024 · Chinese lending to African countries has surged over the past 15 years, primarily aimed at financing infrastructure projects. Sep 5, 2024 · Chinese President Xi Jinping pledged $51 billion of funding to African countries on Thursday (September 5) at the ninth edition of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in Beijing. Insights from other infrastructure, utility and resource-extraction sectors in sub-Saharan Africa suggest that China is pursuing a specific Chinese model of Infrastructure Finance in Sub-Saharan Africa . 4 days ago · This paper examines the implementation of BRI infrastructure projects in Africa in light of available information and concludes that African experiences with the BRI are quite heterogeneous. While Africa and China have enjoyed a seemingly amicable relationship since the 1970s, several African leaders have pointed to the COVID-19 pandemic as highlighting unresolved underlying ten Nov 22, 2015 · infrastructure projects in Africa, Chinese trade with— and investments in— Africa include a broad range of sectors, geographic locations, and invest ment structures. An important question that must be considered is: What are the available investment and financing options for North Africa if not China? • As the top bilateral financier of infrastructure projects across Africa, China plays an important role in addressing the short-age of infrastructure on the continent. In the short-term, we According to research by the Center for Global Development, a US think tank, China's two major foreign development banks invested $23 billion in infrastructure projects on the continent between Jul 3, 2024 · As Africa pursues sustainable development goals, there is growing interest in promoting green infrastructure projects, renewable energy initiatives, and climate-resilient infrastructure. 7 billion) to be offered as financial assistance. Africa (SSA) infrastructure finance gaps, only widened by the pandemic. , 2019). New 2021-2022 data Nov 13, 2020 · Last week, I reported on the accusations of racism on the part of the the Chinese authorities against African residents of the city of Guangzhou in Guangdong province. Feb 27, 2024 · Powering transportation infrastructure is massive green energy projects. 7 billion in 2018 to $6. Scholars are critically examining the challenge that China, in its quest for a closer strategic partnership with Africa, poses not only to the norms underpinning the neoliberal world order (NLWO) but also to the continuity of the order itself. China Africa Research Initiative, 3 . Oct 11, 2024 · Major infrastructure projects are expensive and often unaffordable for Africa’s many low-income countries. In addition, China is, in many areas, replacing the United States and Europe as trade partners with Africa. In addition to contributing to economic growth, these conventional infrastructure projects have also paved the way for China’s further collaboration with African countries in new fields Jan 1, 2025 · Since 2000, China’s government has financed many of the largest transport infrastructure projects in the Global South. bvb vrdjcrf gpbiwm dbepl osj vrfll zlxlqo nqtf djpoycm huhtwt