Rhino nurbs to mesh

 

Step 5: Click the Apply button in the Single surface from mesh dialog box. You can adjust these values if you are not satisfied with the default Nov 11, 2020 · The MeshToNURB command duplicates each polygon in a polygon mesh with a surface. In particular, for quads the vertices are ordered as: The quads may be non-planar. My go to, and am pretty sure is the best there is for equal, non spiraling, quad mesh’s is ZBrush. All faces in a ON_Mesh are stored with vertices listed in counter-clockwise order. However for 3D printing, the model must be exported as a mesh model. Hopefull COMMANDS: MESHREDUCEMESHMESHTONURB Apr 10, 2024 · In the mesh refinement step, quadrangles are subdivided until the distance from a polygon edge midpoint to the surface is smaller than this value. Try rendering a sphere with your mesh settings on "jagged. Nov 24, 2021 · This is fairly easy to solve, if you are patient enough. The fundamental geometric objects in Rhino are points, curves, surfaces, polysurfaces, solids, light-weight extrusion objects, and polygon mesh objects. With Grasshopper you could try to implement this feature yourself. 1. Better for engineering and mechanical applications. Don’t forget to apply the instance transformation. The resulting surfaces are then joined into a polysurface and added to the document. Rhino 8’s User Interface is far more customizable, even on Mac, with: 8. Objects. Your model looks simple enough to model Exporting Rhino File Information. Apr 10, 2024 · Properties. vrscene file and . Open your T-Splines model. Apr 10, 2024 · Delete Input Objects. If a mesh is generated from Jul 7, 2021 · ON_Mesh Vertex ordering in ON_Mesh faces. In Rhino for Windows they area at File > Properties > Mesh or Tools > Options > Mesh. ANy ideas, thanks Jan 17, 2019 · The block is only the instance. It supports many of 3D file extensions including 3DM (Rhinoceros 3D Model), STEP (STandardized Exchange of Product), IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), BREP (Boundary Representation) and IFC (The Industry Foundation Classes). For example, Extrusion object is one of the simple object types. Nov 11, 2020 · Mesh objects | Rhino 3-D modeling. The ApplyMesh command uses texture UV coordinates to map a mesh onto a surface. Setting this value to 0 disables the criterion. Oct 7, 2013 · I have a similar issue trying to convert a mesh surface to a triangular mesh. Таким May 5, 2015 · when Rhino Convert Polysurface to Mesh it creates unnecessary Edges and triangulated Faces, wish makes the 3Ds Max File Slow. Start Rhino 7. gh, 67 KB. for meshes i like the mosaic approximation of an elephant shown above. Renders smooth shapes. The dialog box Single surface from mesh is displayed. Nov 21, 2018 · Whether a mesh or a surface is better or faster depends on the task and the geometry involved. There are simple controls and detailed controls – always select detailed controls. That said, once I get a triangulated surface, how then can I convert each triangle to a solid plane? I want to eventually build this form in triangular pieces of steel plate and want the rendering to show me how. quadremesh>tosubd>tonurbs is the current workflow for reverse enginereing in Rhino, but the result will be a polysurface, not a single surface. Aug 2, 2020 · A NURBS model consists of points connected by curves. Specify what is to be saved. vrmesh or . We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Sets the scaling factor for the height of the applied mesh. Move the cursor to decide the bevel amount and click. The second method is NURBS. To perform Rhino to STL export, follow these steps: File → Save As → . 0. Or, enter a number and press Enter. It would probably be better to remove the vents before meshing the model - in Rhino you want to keep the model in NURBS as long as possible and only transform it into mesh for export if possible. 2022/08/19[Rhino 教學]：Rhino 7 新增了一系列的 SubD 工具，其中有一個前置作業指令，叫做重建四角網格＂QuadRemesh＂，這個作業是為了讓不規則網格全部 May 1, 2021 · For complex NURBS surface models, usually NURBS has many and dense control vertices. one magic tool rhino 7 now provides is the ToSubD command which allows you to convert a mesh into a smooth subD topology which can even be further converted to nurbs. The density of triangles can be adjusted when exporting. 3dm (rhinoceros 3d) files. ShrinkWrap lets you create a wrapped mesh from mesh, NURBS geometry, SubD, and Point Clouds. nathanletwory (Nathan 'jesterKing' Letwory) January 17, 2019, 5:32am 3. 001. Wish for adding a new tool to Rhino: Amplitude limits. Choose a . To convert NURBS to polygons. If you convert the NURBS surface with construction history on, you can edit the NURBS surface and the polygonal surface will be recreated to match. For untrimmed surfaces, ExtractControlPolygon then SubDFromMesh (a test command, not finished) may be the thing. These detailed render mesh options control how the NURBS surface is converted. The above example was for very simple geometry. 1 Like. To Import T-Spline Objects as Meshes: Start Rhino 5. 8. Attachments: Terrain-Mesh-to-Nurbs-Peter34A. The Document Mesh settings control the global render mesh quality for the current model. . RhinoWIP Mac use Export option. 5, 0. In the File name box, select or type a file name. It will tend to make meshes denser in areas of high curvature and less dense in flatter areas. White paper: Scan, Cleanup, Remodel. Window Layouts: Customize, save, share, and restore your favorite interface layouts. Rhino does not use meshes for modeling, but it can convert NURBS to meshes at any density as needed for file exports and rendering. When using triangles to create 3D shapes, you create approximations of smooth edges. Mesh. Autoshaper converts mesh to nurbs and allows to import / export 3D solid modelling file formats with smooth Nurbs shapes as a native Windows software. Is there a way to import NURBS as NURBS into blender directly from *. A polygonal representation of the surface is created at the same position as the NURBS surface. 2: Creating a Polygon Mesh with the Right Tolerance in Rhino In Rhino, you create an NURBS model, however, 3D printers print Polygon meshes. You have to get the geometry from the. Create a mesh from a NURBS surface or polysurface. ApplyMesh only accepts meshes with UV coordinates embedded. 0) mesh = Rhino. Feb 16, 2022 · 1393×629 149 KB. with !Mesh command :slight_smile: why do I need to keep the… Dec 17, 2021 · Mesh. thanks wason awrongtrack! This solution is useful when the triangle is a trimmed surface like your image. In wrokflow was used component from Starling (rh Jun 18, 2021 · T-Splines objects in your model will import as NURBS objects. Michael_Pryor (ekim) March 27, 2018, 8:33pm 2. NURBS lines and polylines are usually degree 1, NURBS circles are degree 2, and most free‑form curves are degree 3 or 5. A mesh is a collection of vertices and polygons that define the shape of an polyhedral object. It is not necessary to understand everything in this chapter to start using Rhino. 2 KB) 5 Likes. at the level of subd you can already decide about the the outoming mesh resolution. It is defined only by a profile curve and a length. Nonetheless, I have some good news. Aug 19, 2021 · claudiaalisadesousa1: However, the object is in curves and I need to convert it to mesh before I can export it out. For all other types use the mesh brep component. AddMesh (mesh) print guid. Run the AutomaticSubDFromMesh command, and set the RhinoV5BoxModeTSpline option to mesh. . Apr 6, 2012 · I am having similar problem, I have a topo that was created from a point cloud, I used the Delaunay mesh command, and that worked but it is a mesh. Aug 22, 2019 · There are no easy ways to do this. My colleague works in the T-splines with Rhino5 I sometimes have to give him my topology. We touch upon some SubD modeling tools May 17, 2006 · Rhino creates meshes of your NURB surfaces based on your mesh settings- you may never see these meshes- they're used for shaded display and for rendering. Command-line options. See also. Exporting from Rhino with certain polygon-based formats Jun 19, 2021 · voong_chuong (Masew VC) June 20, 2021, 2:34am 3. RhinoResurf for Rhino is a reverse engineering plug-in for Rhinoceros® 4. Rhino creates triangles and quadrilaterals meshes for export into various file formats. Dec 3, 2015 · Andrew F. Quad meshes can be: Converted to SubD objects (which can be converted to NURBS) Used in rendering and animation products Used for CFD and FEA analysis For finding principle curvature of forms [image%20(2)] QuadRemesh found the principal curvature of this face, with the help Jul 2, 2019 · Rhino 7 Feature: QuadRemesh. May 14, 2014 · BTW: This is a real terrain : Used for some parametric pedestal bridge (not made with GH - lot's of very complex classic solid operations required, like the concrete pathways etc etc). abrahamwechter (Abraham Wechter) August 22, 2019, 4:31pm 9. Warning. Quad meshes can be: QuadRemesh found the principal curvature of this face, with the help of the guide curve feature. 0 and 5. In Rhino WIP, the terrain splits pretty much flawlessly with the meshes you have added. 3dm file's properties. When the shape is meshed, there is no lines and is the simple form that I want, but after using MeshToNURB, the lines appear. Four things define a NURBS curve: degree, control points, knots, and an evaluation rule. Aug 13, 2020 · Yes, it make sense to do a touch of manual cleaning, to the SubD Quadremesher constructed out of the input dens mesh. In RhinoWIP Windows use the SaveAs option to choose the v6 format. Save your model. nurbs is a great tool for precision objects, these can include anything from car bodies to architecture and anything in between. View changelog. May 1, 2018 · Hello - you’d have to go through the Mesh stage. youtube. A set of curves could describe virtually anything. If a mesh is generated from a Oct 20, 2014 · In this case each tentacle could be a curve, and changing those curves will also change the mesh vertices of the tentacles close to them. Feb 11, 2020 · NURBS. Duplicates each polygon in a polygon mesh with a NURBS surface. Currently if I import using other formats like *. Network surface is an alternative to Loft. It should be noted that many manufacturing processes use meshes, but the mesh density must be under the control of the manufacturing application to achieve the desired accuracy. Note, disjoint meshes will be split into unconnected pieces before surface creation. Feb 7, 2021 · You can for instance do this: import scriptcontext import Rhino pt = Rhino. Feb 7, 2013 · Context model in Rhino - Part 2. abc file. Draw mesh objects or create meshes from NURBS objects. They are generally set globally for the whole model, but from V4 on, including Rhino for Mac, you can also Aug 26, 2022 · In this video, we look into ways of converting Rhino's Subdivision Surfaces (SubD) to NURBS Surfaces in Grasshopper3D. Subd is best used for non precision things that have an organic or sculpted feel. It uses a unique algorithm to generate manageable polygon layouts, ideal for rendering, animation, CFD, FEA, and reverse-engineering. “Network surface” is the right tool. Jul 2, 2023 · The ‘X’ output of the Mesh | Ray Intersection component contains our intersection points with the surface. ApplyMesh. I was trying to understand the possibilities for a fast [and automated idealy] way to get from a Zbrush part to a rhino Nurbs. Sphere (pt, 5. I’m comparing the Rhino MESH conversion to a very primitive model that I Oct 6, 2021 · From a more practical, visual sense; its simetimes easier to see a fiberglass screen over a few bent rods to describe what the math is representing. ShrinkWrap generates a closed mesh independent of the amount and type of geometry it is given. For trimmed faces, I think the only way is to Mesh the object and SubDFromMesh I’d say, depending on what you have, that this is unlikely to be what you’re after though In this video, learn about NURBS and SubD surfaces and how they are related. 0, 0. Because of this, it is the format used by STL files for 3D printing. STL and select a name for your STL file. CAD surface models are usually created using NURBS surfaces, while 3D scans are typically exported as a polygon mesh. nurbs uses mathematics to mix coordinates. doc. The QuadRemesh command quickly creates a quad mesh with optimized topology from existing surfaces, meshes, or SubDs. Apr 27, 2019 · Hi there, probably an easy way to fix this but I have no idea. Most CAD Jun 6, 2021 · Rhino SubD surfaces are predictable, measurable, and manufacturable. The MeshToNURB command duplicates each polygon in a polygon mesh with a NURBS surface. Kindly please help me… Meshes are adaptable and suitable for a wide range of design applications: thus, mesh modeling offers an intuitive approach for designers. This command converts each polygon face to a NURBS surface. Hi Hannes - Rhino does not like the mesh - ( Check command) but despite all the bad stuff it tells you in Check, you can clean up using AlignMeshVertices at . Rhino doesn't have this by default, I think the Bongo plugin can do something like this (not sure if with splines). dae, etc. Apr 10, 2024 · Create a mesh from a NURBS surface or polysurface. The MeshRepair command integrates many mesh cleanup commands into a single dialog. Creating and Exporting a Mesh. Oct 24, 2022 · I then did a MESH from NURBS Object on it and reduced the face count (layer T2). 233_China_BOTW_T34R. Jun 7, 2024 · Maximum angle = 10° with Refine mesh enabled. Rhino software creates a NURBS solid model. cpp demonstrates how to go through an ON_Mesh and render all the quads as Как преобразовать mesh (полигональную сетку) в NURBS-поверхности . Jan 31, 2021 · make it smoother. abc file from your computer. Whenever a NURBS surface is shaded or rendered, the surface first converts into a polygon mesh. the object has many pleats and folds as you may imagine thats why the mesh is heavy Workflow of transforming random nurbs surface into mesh and then layouting all edges for further fabrication. best, Peter. RhinoResurf also provide features for free-form surface modeling from polygon lines (mesh). It is not meant to convert entire mesh models to NURBS models, and there is, in fact, no simple way to accomplish this. When you export to a format like 3DS, STL or DWG, Rhino has to convert from smooth NURBS surfaces to a polygon mesh representation made of triangles. The number can be an absolute distance or a proportional value based on the OffsetMode setting. Click left-mouse button to select the displayed mesh, then click right-mouse button after you selected the mesh. However, achieving high precision can be challenging compared to NURBS modeling; meshes lack the parametric control of NURBS surfaces. Select the NURBS surface and choose Modify > Convert > NURBS to Polygons. Rhino creates triangles and quadrilaterals meshes for exporting to various file formats. QuadRemesh, a new feature in Rhino 7 WIP for Windows and Mac, lets you create a quad mesh from mesh and NURBS geometry. What might help is the _MeshtoNurb command. In Rhino for Mac they are at File > Settings > Mesh . -Pascal. ApplyMesh is sensitive to the u and v directions of a surface. Offset road center lines, project the curves to the NURBS surface, split Jun 7, 2024 · ToNURBS. openNURBS and ON_SubD Jun 7, 2024 · In the mesh refinement step, quadrangles are subdivided until the distance from a polygon edge midpoint to the surface is smaller than this value. Aug 14, 2020 · The same meshing engine in Rhino is used in the creation of analysis meshes for the functions like Draft Analysis and Curvature Analysis, EMap, etc. In the dialog box, the Files of type list displays the currently supported file types for export. I need a nurbs surface, and it is far too large of a mesh to use the meshtonurb command in rhino. Dec 14, 2022 · #mesh #3d #modellazione #3dprinting #rhino #rhinoceros #rhino6 Come ridurre una mesh e convertirla in nurbs Jul 27, 2014 · Helvetosaur July 27, 2014, 11:28pm 2. " You'll see the facets on the sphere edge. This plug-in gives Rhino the ability to reconstruct the geometry represented by NURB surface of an object from a mesh or point cloud which describes it. Mesh. Smaller values result in slower meshing, more accurate meshes, and a higher polygon count. This setting will influence the meshing of objects of the same shape in the same way regardless of the size of the objects. Delete the input objects when re-meshing is done. Open your Feb 22, 2023 · It will be a 3D printed object after I trim it, offset and blend another nurbs object on the bottom. Step 4: The Rhino command prompt ‘Select a mesh to create a nurbs surface' is displayed. mesh is best used for purely sculpted objects when used in a brush based software May 24, 2016 · Guys, I would like to import NURBS curves and surfaces into blender from rhino. iref->InstanceDefinition ()->GetObjects (objs); From this objs you can get the meshes (if there are meshes in the block). More accurate, less pixelated models. MeshToNurb. 3dm (391. Layer Manager: A complete rewrite, on Windows and Mac, including all new features. 202410-Apr-2024. Once loaded into the scene you need to re-apply materials through the material editor. com/channel/UCGU4trnjjYNBK5TcGpFdfOQ/joinVideoguide - Export from Rhino to Blender, FBX, DAE, OBJ, Meshes, Nurbs, Materials, Cameras, Lights To import a V-Ray mesh from the Asset Editor, go to the Geometry category and select Proxy Mesh. smoothness for print depends on the resolution of your mesh and also on how much data the printer can take. A polygon mesh consists of thousands or millions of small triangles. I need to retain the objects as NURBS during import. –Mitch. Because a mesh is based on triangulation and often irregular edge patterns, generating a grid and finding the intersection points allows us to ‘re-sample’ the mesh into a regular grid, which NURBS surfaces are based on. Meshes imported from STL files do not work. If the target surface is trimmed, the untrimmed surface is used. Meshes in Rhino consist of triangles and quadrilaterals. You are going to need to surface those curves somehow and without seeing them, it’s impossible to say how exactly. Grasshopper users can use the new QuadRemesh component. Once they are surfaced, you can easily create a mesh to export. They are really fast and really robust with essentially no setup. leex February 20, 2020, 11:43am 5. Recrusive Split In this Rhino Grasshopper tutorial for beginners, you will learn how to model a recursive splitting algorithm inside any closed boundary using the Anemone plugin. There are several ways to make this, you can actually convert a NURB surface to a mesh inside of Rhino. Why NURBS modeling Apr 10, 2024 · The fundamental geometric objects in Rhino are points, curves, surfaces, polysurfaces, extrusion objects, and polygon mesh objects. Try RhinoResurf (32-bit and 64-bit). AddSphere in my python script and I wanted to In this Grasshopper tutorial for beginners, you'll discover how to relax a mesh over a series of lofted solids to construct a parametric roof. Origin sphere = Rhino. Why NURBS modeling NURBS (non-uniform rational B‑splines) are mathematical representations that can accurately model any shape from a simple 2‑D line, circle, arc, or box to the most complex 3‑D free‑form Dec 7, 2011 · 2 ways, For mesh UV you have to use 4 points to make the triangle in rhino, essentially surface from 4 points but point 1 and 4 overlap/ontop of eachother. This type of proc Apr 26, 2020 · Hi, the nurbs doesn’t need to be very accurate, I am importing some furniture for an architecture render, the problem I am having is with the bed sheets, I need to distort the geomerty somewhat using the cage edit, so first I need to turn the mesh into nurbs. RhinoResurf for Rhino, a reverse engineering tool that gives Rhino the ability to reconstruct NURBS surface (s) from mesh or point cloud with specified precision. The usual problem with mesh splits and booleans, is to split with items that were already used to split with the same geometry. fares. Meshes can be imported and exported across different applications. Point3d. hannesgrebin (Hannes Grebin) March 17, 2017, 10:13pm 3. The display mesh is automatically updated when the surface is changed. The program Rhino 8’s User Interface is far more customizable, even on Mac, with: 8. Mar 17, 2017 · 1057×1135 74. Rhino creates a display mesh whenever a surface is to be displayed. NURBS fitting with specified tolerance. Jun 4, 2021 · theoutside (Kyle Houchens) June 4, 2021, 9:02pm 2. Because there are many modelers that use polygon meshes to represent geometry for rendering, animation, stereolithography, visualization, and finite element analysis, the Mesh command translates NURBS geometry into polygonal meshes for export. *except I’ve just noticed that the NURBS object I’ve included wasn’t the original, I’d flattened the inside of the tyre to simplify the mesh, but it’s only there as a visual aid. The PolygonCount command reports the number of mesh polygons in a selected object. 4 KB. Why NURBS modeling NURBS (non-uniform rational B‑splines) are mathematical representations that can accurately model any shape from a simple 2‑D line, circle, arc, or box to the most complex 3‑D free‑form Steps. Also, to see what went wrong, it would be better to have the Rhino file, not the STL…. This chapter goes into some detail to explain the mathematical basis for Rhino modeling. Maximum distance, edge to surface = 1. 3dm, 771 KB. Jan 8, 2021 · #Rhino7tutorial #Reverseengineering #meshtoNURBS #STLtoCADThis is a Rhino 7 Tutorial about converting STL mesh model to CAD (NURBS format). NURBS is a mathematical model whereas Polygon meshes are a collection of vertices, edges, and faces that define the model. Not on menus. Attantion: This is a good way to pump up a 3MB STL to a 150MB and you cannot really modify the result! So big data. Steve, I did as you suggested with some success. Each polygon will be converted to a nurbs surface. In this tutorial, we will see how ShrinkWrap works and how it can significantly The fundamental geometric objects in Rhino are points, curves, surfaces, polysurfaces, extrusion objects, and polygon mesh objects. The Import V-Ray Proxy button also gives you the option to load a . Jul 2, 2019 · QuadRemesh, a new feature in Rhino 7 WIP for Windows and Mac, lets you create a quad mesh from mesh and NURBS geometry. The degree is a positive whole number. ホワイト・ペーパー: Scan, Cleanup, Remodel. Aug 21, 2020 · You can support the channel here: https://www. This number is usually 1, 2, 3, or 5, but can be any positive whole number. Editing the surface shape by editing the surface control vertices is lab MeshToNurb. You can adjust these values if you are not satisfied with the default 【Rhino 7】21年最新犀牛Nurbs曲面极速建模讲解, 视频播放量 2301、弹幕量 1、点赞数 40、投硬币枚数 12、收藏人数 95、转发人数 9, 视频作者 观内外教育, 作者简介 设计软件QQ交流群：700588940 wechat：15920189977，相关视频：【RHINO7】香奈儿流动艺术展览馆视频，【SKETCHUP】曲面建模思路解析，Rhino犀牛曲面 In this video, learn about NURBS and SubD surfaces and how they are related. Thanks David, It works well. NURBSサーフェスまたはポリサーフェスからメッシュを作成します。. If a mesh is generated from a The ToNURBS command converts mesh objects and SubD objects/edges to NURBS surfaces or curves. Nov 3, 2021 · https://www. pascal: Mar 27, 2018 · Matt. Geometry. Используются программы Rhino, T-Splines, ZBrush. The conversion from a polygon mesh to a NURBS model is called “reverse engineering”. boulamaali (Fares Boulamaali) December 5, 2021, 7:06pm 11. patreon. fbx, *. Meshes are inherently faster for the computations involved in displaying geometry on a screen. To do a good approximation of the curved surfaces, Rhino can sometimes use many polygons. The program To save as or export a Rhino model. obj, *. Mesh objects. Blocks: The Block Manager is now more flexible and powerful. Degree. I am planning to unroll this NURB, the shape is a simple triangle but has many extra lines that appear on the NURB and after I unroll the NURB, I wanted to simplify the faces as much as possible. com/gediminas3If you're a Patreon, you'll get the files of this tutorial for free and can continue bein Feb 20, 2020 · If you mean saving a SubD created with RhinoWIP and opening it in Rhino 6 the answer is yes. May 24, 2024 · Properties. Polygon mesh renders 3-dimensional items on the computer. Usually convert NURBS to mesh in rhino, then bring to Zbrush and run the Decimation master and ZRemeshers. , and by the Mesh command (Tools > Polygon Mesh > From NURBs Object), which creates a “real” mesh object directly from a NURBs object. For this kind of needs in my workflow I open my Rhino file in Moi3D, from there export as OBJ choosing meshing as Ngons (controlling level of detail numerically on export). the NURBS are imported as mesh objects. The definition of void ON_GL( const ON_Mesh& ) in opennurbs_gl. The Mesh command creates a polygon mesh from a NURBS surface or polysurface. Hi all, As for the title, I want to convert from SubD box to Rhino mesh and wanted to keep the same polygon, but it seems there is no function to do it. Note: Complex meshes will create NURBS surfaces that use large amounts of memory. CreateFromSphere (sphere, 8, 8) guid = scriptcontext. The ToNURBS command converts mesh objects and SubD objects/edges to NURBS surfaces or curves. Rhino SubD objects will be supported in all Rhino export formats that support either meshes or NURBS including IGES, STEP, OBJ, and STL. Hi, I have a few Nurbs generated with rs. If your model is not in box mode, press the Tab key to toggle box mode. nurbs describe the physics of a wooden “spline”. It can also convert simple objects to NURBS for programs that only read NURBS. On the File menu, click Export Selected or Save As. In the Files of type box, select the supported file type. Create roads on a terrain using curves from GIS data. pascal (Pascal Golay) March 17, 2017, 8:08pm 2. Select one or more edges and press Enter. short answer, you won’t get a single surface… it will be a polysurface any way you slice it. Vray is rendering those invisible meshes, not the NURBS directly. To prepare a file for 3D printing, you should have a single closed mesh. They can be converted to either high-quality NURBS or mesh (quads or triangles) objects when needed. ScottThis tutorial focuses on methods for translating NURBS Surfaces within Rhino into low poly geometries with the goal for output using Pepakura Jan 16, 2013 · The controls for the Render Mesh (display mesh) settings are part of the . MeshToNURBコマンドは、ポリゴンメッシュの各ポリゴンをNURBSサーフェスで複製します。. fz qc jx if ky op pq bi ex db