Are gyrocopters safe

 

Easy to fly ideal for learning and aerial work. Oct 15, 2010 · The ATSB ( Australia - similar to US NTSB ) recently published a report in aviation safety over the period 2004-2013 - airliners through to gyros. Max pilot weight (Rotax 503) with full fuel: 125 Kg (275 lbs) Rotor diameter (depending on pilot weight & airfield elevation) 23-25 ft. If you are a heli guy you need to learn to take off and land in 2 dimensions LOL. And in its simplest form, a rotor is nothing more than a rotating wing. Here are four key points to consider: Stability: Gyrocopters offer greater stability due to their rotor system, which provides lift even at low speeds. Sep 24, 2018 · First, a gyroplane can fly slower than an airplane and won’t stall. Historically, this type of aircraft has been known as the autogyro and the gyrocopter. 2 and C. Point, shoot, the enemy lord immediately loses half their health. Unlike aeroplanes which must maintain high speed to stay airborne, these graceful gizmos can travel relatively slowly and smoothly, even at altitudes of only a few feet. It has a big rotating blade on top, like a helicopter, but it does not use an engine to spin it. saladlegsmemes. A duo tandem autogyro. •. A gyroplane can turn around in less than 100 feet if things aren’t working out. Eligibility Requirements: Must be at least 17 years old and English proficient. On PC, the parts are only at the aircraft carrier, so if you don't find the carrier right away, it's not really worth it. With proper assembly and flight training, your Air Command gyroplane offers simplicity, reliability, and performance for endless safe flying adventures. com. Oct 30, 2003 · Lately, however, the subject of gyroplane safety is getting much attention as a result of two tragic fatal accidents. They are also known as gyrocopters, gyroplanes, and autogiros. Made in RapidWeaver. The gyrocopter is equipped with a rotor system that allows for a smooth and stable flight. nathan@magnigyroflight. Find out why Aviomania Aircraft rank among the best and safest gyroplanes available today. Modern Gyrocopters have a very short take-off and landing roll due to their genuine STOL performance and they can be flown out of most airstrips but most importantly for safe flying is the Gyrocopter’s little or no effect from strong winds and turbulence leaving the pilot comfortable and safe. To inspire a renaissance in gyroplane flight. Which 25 years after its birth, continues with the same enthusiasm as the first day of spreading the gyrocopter around the world. Apr 20, 2022 · Helicopters use a rotor to provide lift and thrust. This speed range is ideal for short-range flights and We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. MembersOnline. Learn more! Our 2024 list with new and used gyrocopters for sale. Individual country regulations and approvals can be complex; AutoGyro has the rare resources and experience to support you, wherever your country of operation is. Gyroplane is the official FAA designation. Igor Benson was such an important pioneer that many fixed wing pilots refer to all such flying machines as “Bensen gyros. 7 Days to Die is a survival horror video game set in an open world developed by The Fun Pimps. Flying speed of a gyrocopter In terms of the flying speed of a gyrocopter, the aircraft can fly at a speed of around 70-90 mph at a typical altitude of 1000-2000 feet. The brimstone guns left something to be desired and the bomber being a single entity meant it needed micro. 1, C. An autogyro (from Greek αὐτός and γύρος, "self-turning"), or gyroplane, is a class of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor in free autorotation to develop lift. Definition. While similar to a helicopter rotor in appearance, the autogyro's unpowered rotor disc must have air flowing We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 30 gallons fuel (180 lbs) with 25 gallons useable. So a new-generation gyro always provides more options in case of emergency than a fixed-wing and is less likely to experience a technical failure than a helicopter. Sale $99. To ensure safe navigation over these long-range flights, advanced avionics systems play a crucial role. AG-915 Gyrocopter Structural Improvements. The sleek and innovative design of the Xenon Ultralight Gyrocopter sets it apart from other aircraft. The ELA family has a great human team. Sep 27, 2018 · A few days ago I had my first ever gyrocopter ride. The first side-by-side gyroplane of AutoGyro is a real masterpiece in design, technique, and innovation and overcomes all restrictions and limits. But, if you find the parts early on AND you have enough potatoes to fuel up, then the gyrocopter is worth it. May 25, 2016. At the same time, an engine-powered propeller on gyrocopter, similar to that of a fixed-wing air ship, gives push to the plane. Unlike a helicopter which has a powered rotor, the rotor of a gyroplane spins in flight due to the air loading on the rotor blades as the aircraft moves forward. I’m extremely bad at flying it, i die more from the gyrocopter then from zombies. That means that an engine failure in a gyroplane is a nonevent. 5mph Long Range PAS up to 60km/37miles Brand: GYROCOPTERS With over 15 years of experience in gyroplane development, Krzysztof is dedicated to producing innovative, beautiful, and safe light gyroplanes and helicopters. Regular inspections and maintenance checks are crucial for both gyrocopters and helicopters to ensure their safe operation. Instead, when it moves forward, the air pushes through the blades, making them spin, which helps it stay up in the air. Training and Testing Requirements: Mar 21, 2024 · Power and Velocity: The Gyrocopters Fury electric bike boasts a peak 400W brushless hub motor for enhanced longevity and outstanding performance. Any vehicle capable of three-dimensional movement is a potentially dangerous vehicle. Key Aug 13, 2020 · Come for a ride with us, on board our Cavalon, where we demonstrate the take-off technique, the circuit, and pull the power to an idle, in order to simulate Oct 5, 2022 · I was stood by the runway at RAF Scampton in September 2017 and watched this Rotorsport UK Calidus crash on takeoff. The pilot must undergo Q. 760 lbs. One aspect of gyroplane safety is the ability to find quality reference and document materials more Gyroplanes Explained. 5 miles) and a PAS range of up to 58 km (36 mi), ensuring a swift and cost-effective daily commute. Byron Bay Gyrocopters would like to request all of our valued students to please ensure that a minimum of 36 hours’ notice is given if you cannot attend your scheduled flying lesson. Note that even the resources who call the autogyro one of the safest aircraft emphasize on getting a good training. His commitment to excellence has made Argo Aero a top-notch manufacturer known for its highest quality and support level. Between 1920 and 1923, he created C1, C2, and C3 prototypes, all of which failed because of errors in the rotor design. Gyros were invented in the early What is a Gyroplane? Gyroplanes (also known as autogyros, or gyrocopters) are a type of rotorcraft which combine attributes of both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters to create a versatile, safe, capable, and economical type of flying machine. It spins freely in the wind, hence you’ll sometimes hear them called autogyros. The Xenon gyrocopter is the epitome of personal aviation, providing the ultimate level of freedom in the skies. Continuing your education and learning from others. Monitor Battery Status: Easily keep tabs on your battery's status via the LCD on Gyrocopters Vortex e bike for adults, which requires approximately 4 hours for charging. Remember as always: SAFE=FUN. How safe is it?A. The word “gyrocopter” refers to a type of aircraft that is similar to a helicopter, but with some key differences. The first tier of gyrocopters absolutely mulched unarmoured green. How expensive is a gyrocopter? Gyrocopters are designed to cover extended distances. In fact, this was my first ever small aircraft ride, before that I had only been on commercial aircrafts. ‘Gyroplane’ is an official term describing an aircraft that gets lift from a freely turning rotary wing (rotor blades) and which derives its thrust from an engine-driven propeller. 21 reviews. FROST. Discussion. Aug 12, 2019 · We think the gyrocopter can be—and needs to be—as safe as commercial aviation, which is much safer than conventional helicopter aviation. These procedures involve a thorough examination of various components, such as the engine, rotor system, controls, and electrical systems, to detect any potential issues or wear and tear that could compromise the aircraft Jun 29, 2021 · Common Gyrocopter Pilot Mistakes that could result in a crash. Gyrocopter Guides. 90 Miles per hour. Modern gyroplanes, however, are stable, easy to fly Dec 19, 2014 · Autogyros have been around for decades. Featuring a bright LED headlight for enhanced visibility and safety, this electric ride for adult ensures you can navigate with confidence. Engine selection is crucial when building a gyrocopter or gyroplane. The rotor is completely unpowered. including 30 gallons fuel (180 lbs) Fuel Capacity. With thousands of flight hours on American Autogyro designed SparrowHawk gyroplanes, the SparrowHawk III is widely accepted as a fun, affordable, and safe gyroplane. This, together with a very short landing roll, means that a gyrocopter is one of the safest machines for flying. Nicolas Karaolides “Choose a Safe, Stable Gyrocopter by Aviomania Aircraft” Another impressive feature of the ELA Eclipse 10 gyrocopter is its safety record. 5mph 36V Battery Long Range PAS up to 60km/37miles. The early names and variants were filed as trademarks. Price: USD 66000. Our 12000 sq. Peace of Mind with Safety: Knowing your Gyrocopters Rizz e-bike is UL 2849 certified offers peace of mind, as it has passed stringent safety tests conducted by a reputable, independent organization, ensuring it adheres to high Canadian Safety Standards and reducing the risk of malfunction or hazard during use. Since the rotor is not powered, an Autogyro uses a separate Dec 2, 2021 · However, Cierva was passionately committed to developing a safe means of air travel that he didn’t give up. It is currently Thu May 16, 2024 1:38 am; All times are UTC UTC Jun 14, 2009 · 1. “Everyone in aviation knows that there is a risk you take when you sit in a cockpit,” said Dayton Dabbs, EAA 1179353, a gyroplane CFI and designated pilot examiner (DPE). It won't! If you are a fix wing guy you need to learn disc management. Flying a gyrocopter or an ultralight requires different flying techniques and maintenance tips to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. Its lightweight construction, combined with its advanced aviation technology, ensures a comfortable and safe flying experience. Learn more. Oct 13, 2012 · The safest flying contraption ever created! Period. Apr 25, 2019 · Historically, gyroplanes have had a poor safety record due largely to pilots teaching themselves to fly in the earlier, less stable designs. That’s not insignificant. Add Accidental Protection from Learn More. Flight safety topics and accident/incident Jan 15, 2010 · The gyroplane kit costs $45,105. So leave the paperwork with us, go fly, and wear an AutoGyro smile! Fly Safe. Oct 31, 2022 · The latest data for noncommercial fixed-wing airplane accidents shows only 18 percent of those to be fatal, meaning that if you have an accident in a gyroplane you’re half as likely to walk away. May 22, 2020 · In this film I look at the take off ability of the Gyroplane. 400 plus miles estimated range. Then, in 1923, he completed C4, which came under the name Each and everyone of us can help reduce our risks and the following links provide information and resources for both maintenance safety and flight safety for our gyroplane experience. It’s the FAA’s so-called MOSAIC regulatory reform. With sufficient altitude, if the autogyro can be kept under control it should be possible to get the rotor RPM back up and resume normal flight. Possess either a Current Third Class Medical certificate or state drivers license. Jan 21, 2023 · A tailplane, on the other hand, might give enough nose-up moment to keep the autogyro from flipping over. Gyrocopters are generally considered safe and stable. It is currently Wed May 08, 2024 12:22 am; All times are UTC UTC . How Airgyro Aviation improved an already great aircraft design to create our own new AG-915 gyrocopter: AG-915 gyrocopter introduction. A gyroplane can handle turbulence well. Gyrocopter Energy Efficient Smart Power Adapter l Charger for Hoverboards. What makes these accidents special is that both of them occurred in gyroplane models that are considered very safe, and the pilots who flew these gyroplanes are considered responsible and capable. Both have spinning rotors and are highly maneuverable at low speed. A gyrocopter is typically smaller and lighter than a helicopter, and it uses a rotor to provide lift while a separate engine provides forward motion. When selecting DIY gyrocopter plans, be sure to choose plans that are designed for your skill level and budget. 00. factory is located in the greater Tampa Bay area of central Florida, which graces us with nearly year-round favorable weather for test flying and pilot training. Oct 17, 2020 · G2sa Gyrocopter by Aviomania Aircraft. Fuel consumption at 5000 rpm and 81kW power, shows the engine uses under 5 gallons per hour of avgas. Gyroplanes combine the lift aspect of a rotor and the thrust of a propeller. What are the improvements to its flight characteristics? What makes ithe AG-915 so much more powerful? AG-915 Rotor Blades - carbon Malakai's summonable airship (the Spirit of Grungni) has a single-use kind of harpoon attack. Here are some examples of how to use “gyrocopter” in a sentence: Mar 13, 2021 · Every part of the Air Command gyroplane, including the Skywheels rotor blade system, is manufactured to perfection and quality assurance standards for your peace of mind. 2 Years $ 28. Cruise Speed. One overarching development injects a degree of uncertainty over not just gyroplanes, but the survival of light sport aircraft in general. G Gyrocopters are generally considered to be safe to fly when operated by trained and licensed pilots. It is basically a rotary wing aircraft just like a helicopter because the rotor provides lift instead of wings like conventional airplanes. Introduction: Gyroplanes (autogyros) are regarded as a relatively safe and stable type of general-aviation aircraft. It's handy for quick trips to nearby islands. Sep 23, 2015 · 4. American Ranger 1 Gyroplane The award-winning American Ranger 1 (AR-1) is a modern gyroplane proudly manufactured in the USA by SilverLight Aviation. May 8, 2024 · Academy & Flight Safety. Because a gyrocopter can descend vertically under full control and land in just a few metres of space, without the complexity or cost of a helicopter. Amaze is furnished with front and rear dual disk brakes to deliver dependable stopping power making this foldable bike for adults a safe ride. The main rotor provides lift while the tail rotor controls yaw stability. I've sat on the video after sending to t ELA Aviation is the Spanish company that has manufactured and sold the most aircraft in history and today, it is widely recognized worldwide. To promote proper instruction. That's what our next section is also about. Jan 26, 2020 · The answer, based on a TPG analysis of a decade of safety data: Like almost every other mode of transportation, flying in a helicopter is considerably more dangerous than airline travel. ” “The energy profile of a gyroplane is pretty Gyrocopter. Oct 4, 2019 · Gyroplanes were invented by Juan de la Cierva in 1923, according to AutoGyro USA. 99 $49. As a side-by-side model, the Cavalon expands the product How Safe Are Gyrocopters? What your instructor never taught you. This homebuilt aircraft kit provides everything you need to fly except fuel, and includes a 165 hp Subaru EJ-25 power plant, flight instruments, propeller, and rotor blades. Modern gyrocopters like XENON offer superb performance, comfort and above all have a safety record second to none in aviation. To put it simply, gyrocopters have spinning blades on top to provide lift (similar Jul 1, 2020 · Rotax’s 915 iS was aimed at the gyroplane market and it appears to be finding some takers. However, with proper training, a gyroplane is one of the safest aviation vehicles since it is in autorotation 100% of the time during flight. But it's far safer than riding in a car. I explore what autogyros are, prices, how they work, what they are capable of, their safety Jan 1, 2020 · One company that didn’t wait for the FAA’s sclerotic action was the largest gyroplane manufacturer in Europe, Germany’s AutoGyro GmbH. ADMIN MOD. While no aircraft is 100% safe, gyroplanes have features that make them markedly safer over their fixed wing cousins. They have a favorable safety record compared to other small aircraft. It uses a rotor and aluminum blades from Rotor Flight Dynamics. Once it's on top of its target tho, it drops a high damage Dec 9, 2023 · Cost to build a gyrocopter: Building a gyrocopter can be an exciting and rewarding process, but it’s important to understand the costs involved before beginning the project. AG-915 Interior Improvements. The free spinning rotor of a gyroplane does not require an anti As with any aircraft, safety is of utmost importance when flying gyrocopters. Helicopters and gyroplanes: It's a contentious family rivalry. The gyrocopter is a popular choice for sportster enthusiasts. However, as with any form of aviation, proper maintenance, adherence to safety protocols, and pilot proficiency are important factors in ensuring safe gyrocopter operations. Critical altitude for the engine is 23,000 feet. Some plans may require advanced welding skills or specialized tools, while others may be more beginner-friendly. Get Plus Get Featured Hero Guides are based on TrueSight data from matches with a verified player or Plus subscriber. Gyros are small rotary winged aircraft that resemble helicopters in some ways — all have a Each model is shown in the overview table to show which model is certified in which country. So if this is likely to upset you please don’t watch. Does anyone actually use the gyrocopter. Factors such as materials, design choices, and engine selection can all impact the overall cost of Mar 21, 2024 · Amazon. Propeller Diameter 60" -64", Fuel Capacity 26 Ltrs (7 Gal) Max Endurance (Rotax 503) 1 Hour 45 min. Buy in monthly payments with Affirm on orders over $50. r/7daystodie. 6 gallons per hour + 30 mins reserve) Payload. Gyroplane Certificates and Requirements. A gyroplane is an aircraft that achieves lift by means of a free spinning rotor. Builder’s assist is […] That's why they do the gyrocopter shuffle. Over the past 9 years, recreational aeroplane, aerial agriculture and private/business/sport operations had the most accidents per hour Gyrocopters (also known as gyroplanes) have unpowered rotors that rotate freely as the aircraft moves through the air. In stock. Helicopter travel is, using our metric, slightly more dangerous than mass transit, but we can broadly say they're in Mar 18, 2023 · GYROCOPTERS Frost Electric Bike for Adults/Teens 13+ | UL2849 Safe Folding Ebike 350W Brushless Motor | 14-inch Tires Compact Bike | 36V Speed up to 25kmph/15. 3. The company has a worldwide presence and in the U. 8fntchrgr. Jul 22, 2016 · Once upon a time… gyrocopters were an American invention. Gyrocopters Frost Electric Bike for Adults & Teens | UL2849 Safe Folding Ebike 350W Brushless Motor | 14inch Tire Compact Bike | Speed upto 25kmph/15. Description. The U. Sep 15, 2004 · Officials from the Air Accident Investigation Branch (AAIB) said in the report that the likely cause of the disaster was pilot-induced oscillation (PIO), which caused the rotor blades of the gyroplane to hit its rudder. Find constantly updated Gyrocopter guides from the top performances of the week. We beefed up the cabin back frame so that we can directly attach the engine using the factory designed motor mounts. Gyrocopter manufacturers like to market their aircraft as having short take off abilities but Depends when you find the parts. Redefining the classic mini bike experience the thrill of retro charm with modern performance in Gyrocopters Vortex e bike. Having 4 copters that can take a bit of a beating and full heal after made them worthwhile for those that played battles out. Gyrocopter Pilot Training. com : GYROCOPTERS Rizz Electric Bike for Adults | UL2849 Safe Folding Ebike | Peak 400W Brushless Motor 14 * 2 Inch Tires | Speed up to 25 Km/h Range up to 53. These cutting-edge technologies provide accurate navigation data that helps pilots make informed decisions while flying. Each guide includes item builds, ability builds, timings and more. , its AutoGyro USA outlet has been selling kits and ready-to-fly aircraft and lately more of the latter. Two individuals on opposite sides of the Atlantic, Juan de la Cierva from Spain and Harold Pitcairn from the U. Dec 22, 2023 · A gyrocopter is a mix between a helicopter and an airplane. Gyrocopters are easy to transport and set up Feb 28, 2024 · About this item . Buy New & Used Gyrocopters, Gyroplanes, Autogyros & Rotorcraft on AvPay Mar 1, 2021 · They are a lot of fun to fly and, in the not-too-distant future, you might find yourself shuttling to work above the traffic in a… The Lone Star Rotorcraft Club has also a good page answering the question how safe are gyrocopters paying some special attention also on the topic of building an autogyro yourself. New Sport Pilot. Getting trained as a gyrocopter pilot is essential to ensure safe flight operations. I’ve put the As discussed, the cruising speed of a gyrocopter is between 60-80 mph, while the top speed can reach up to 100 mph. (608) 630-2725. Jul 5, 2017 · Gyrocopters, also known as gyroplanes, autogyros or rotaplanes, are an unusual type of flying machine that belong to the “ rotorcraft ” category aviation. A modern, closed-cabin, pusher-propeller autogyro in flight. Upgrade your ride today and discover the convenience and fun of our e bike for adults with a built-in storage carriage. Seated side by side, it presents its pilot and passenger an incomparable dimension and comfort. Aug 24, 2022 · Rotorblade flap on takeoff is a common cause in gyroplane incidents and can easily be avoiding by taking a few crucial steps! Hope you all enjoy!Don't Forget Feb 28, 2024 · Safe and Comfortable E bike: The Gyrocopters Vortex e-bike is UL-2272 approved to ensure rider safety. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Federal Aviation Administration categorizes them as sport pilot/light sport aircraft, and reports of gyroplane accidents are included in a publicly available database. S. #1. 99. Just a novelty. A gyroplane won’t stall or spin. Because of a separate engine/propeller that provides forward thrust, gyrocopters are much safer than helicopters. Find the right gyrocopter that fits your budget and needs. Cruise Range (90 miles per hour with 2 people @ 180 lbs each & 25 gallons useable fuel) 5 hours (4. UL-2272 safety-approved ebikes A gyroplane is a rotorcraft type that utilizes an unpowered rotor in autorotation to create lift. ” Starting in the 1950s, he hit on a good combination of ideas that made the new sector flourish… for a time. Elevated Safety Features: Ensure safety with the Gyrocopters Amaze electric bikes for adults which is UL 2849 Certified. Between 1920 and 1923 he progressively developed autorotation in a series of models, the C. The biggest mistake ever is thinking that your previous flying background makes you being able to fly a gyro. Knowing about these situations can make you more prepared to counter them to make sure you hav The engine provides full sea level power up to 15,000 feet msl. It added that the risk of PIO had worried Mr Pitt-Steele, who was also registered to fly fixed-wing light aircraft. Find Gyrocopters for Sale in US, UK, Europe & Worldwide. This ensures that the aircraft remains stable even in windy conditions, making it a safe and reliable choice for pilots. Although they look similar to helicopters, their construction and way of flying is completely different. If forward thrust is lost, such as with an engine out, the rotorcraft n This is a pretty sobering piece of film and its pretty obvious the pilot didn’t walk away. Gyrocopter. These unique flying machines require specific training, maintenance, and adherence to regulations to ensure safe flight operations. Gyrocopters Vortex electric bike experience: where convenience meets fun with our innovative storage carriage feature. Should you be unable to provide at least 36 hours’ notice, you will be charged a non-negotiable lesson cancellation fee of 50% of the value of your booked TI Discover some interesting autogyros with links to their websites. 3, but it would be his fourth model that would conquer the air. A gyroplane can almost hover because it needs very little forward speed to stay in the air (about five to 10 knots). To educate those who do not know about gyroplanes and their rich history. 1 Year $ 20. Gyroplane Flight Safety. Gyroplanes have had a negative image in the past largely due to untrained people trying to fly them and inevitably having accidents. 2600+ in rotorcraft. 2 Km | Compact & Light E-Bike with Disc Brakes : Sports & Outdoors Oct 30, 2003 · Total Flight Time. The cost can range from $25,000 to $50,000 depending on design. Fly AutoGyro. Some extracts relevant to gyros are listed below - fly safe. 2. Feb 29, 2024 · Lock and Key- The Gyrocopters Vortex ebike includes a lock and key mechanism, providing riders with comprehensive safety assurance. Single seat gyrocopter. ft. The wings could also be helpful for roll control, especially if they are equipped with ailerons. By combining performance, safety and maneuverability, your Aviomania gyroplane offers you the formula that every hobby pilot dreams of: stability without compromising agility. There are a variety of DIY gyrocopter plans available online that can help you build a safe and reliable homemade gyrocopter. The kits have the option of single main undercarriage tube or triangulated About this item . Jun 12, 2023 · If you're looking for a foldable electric bike, the Gyrocopter Frost has one-step folding and a compact design for easy storage. This electric minibike has a rechargeable Lithium Ion battery to provide a top speed of up to 25km/h (15. , independently pursued this ideal but it wasn’t until they combined forces that the safe gyroplane was born. In my opinion there are several reasons that gyroplanes make good mountain fliers. Then you can tell it to attack, it'll proceed to fly right over the lord while casually firing rifle shots here and there. They are safe at amazingly low altitudes! One of the things that make gyrocopters unique is their ability to skirt the ground safely over long distances. Unlike a helicopter, which uses an engine to power its spinning rotor blades, a gyroplane's upper rotor blades DLR Watch as I take to the skies in nothing more than a flying bathtub (gyrocopter)!Luckily, I was joined by adventurer James Ketchell who has more experience th Academy & Flight Safety. Jul 7, 2022 · Are Gyrocopters safe to fly? FUTURE OF AVIATION INDUSTRY. Cavalon with Rotax 915is Fuel Injected Engine. No rotor blades do not come off. Shop the Gyrocopters Frost e Dec 16, 2020 · The creator of the gyrocopter is Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva, who became obsessed with making an aircraft that had three engines to fly safely at a lower speed. ui jx gh uj vk cv oo ed sj ve